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Applying bacteria to seeds reduces global warming effects on plants
Improved photosynthesis and nutritional quality are achieved by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and the emission of nitrous oxide, a gas with a global warming power 300 times greater than carbon dioxide
Inoculation is a sustainable strategy to increase climate resilience of tropical pastures - Photo: Freepik
A technique already widely used in Brazilian agriculture, particularly in soybean production, has proven effective in reducing the impacts of atmospheric warming on plants. The method involves treating seeds with plant growth-promoting bacteria to enhance biological functions such as photosynthesis and gas exchange
Published in Science of The Total Environment, the discovery of the technique’s benefits regarding global warming occurred during an experiment carried out with forage grasses (plants that serve as animal feed) on the USP campus in Ribeirão Preto.
Researcher Eduardo Habermann, from the Biology Department at USP’s Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters in Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), notes that the technique is already known to improve pasture nutritional quality and animal digestion.
However, this is the first time its protective effects against atmospheric warming have been demonstrated.
Eduardo Habermann - Photo: Personal archive
According to the researcher, the reduction of the harmful effects of warming through seed inoculation with bacteria is linked to several factors, including increased root growth, which improves the plant’s ability to absorb water and nutrients.”In addition, inoculation stimulates the plant’s antioxidant system, reducing the oxidative stress caused by high temperatures,” he adds.
The use of bacteria for planting is important even without the context of greater warming.
For Carlos Alberto Martinez y Huaman, professor in the Department of Biology at FFCLRP and leader of the research team, “under current temperature conditions, the symbiosis established between plants and plant growth-promoting bacteria offers advantages, particularly in relation to the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, which is fundamental for accelerated growth, since nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, proteins, chlorophyll and DNA. The result will be a more vigorous and productive plant even in situations of water stress and salinity.”
Carlos Alberto Martinez y Huaman - Photo: Personal archive
Risks to food production
The FFCLRP research group carried out the field experiment for one year at the University’s own campus, inoculating the bacteria Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens, produced by Embrapa Soja, into a species of grass. To represent the process of increasing atmospheric temperature, an outdoor heating system called T-FACE was used, capable of increasing the temperature of the plants by 2°C throughout the study period and uninterruptedly through infrared heaters.
The goal was to simulate a future scenario of global warming and investigate what would happen to plants germinated from the inoculation of these bacteria, since high temperatures pose risks to food production, impairing photosynthesis and accelerating the life cycle of plants. The environment created by global warming compromises “grain filling and crop productivity and also reduces the nutritional quality of forage plants,” Habermann recalls.
According to the researchers, analyzing the experiment results revealed that global warming reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis, increases transpiration and water stress, and negatively affects biomass production and nutritional quality in plants. Despite this, the inoculation of microorganisms was able to reverse this situation, completely neutralizing these negative impacts of warming.
Reduction of nitrous oxide emissions
Habermann also highlights the sustainability of inoculating seeds with plant growth-promoting bacteria compared to the fertilizers widely used in agriculture today. “Inoculation works as a complementary process that can significantly reduce the need for chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen-based ones”, the researcher explains.
Although fertilizers are essential for high agricultural productivity, their excessive or improper use poses environmental risks. Professor Martinez advocates for replacing them with more sustainable alternatives, citing their “significant contribution to mitigating climate change. Reducing emissions of nitrous oxide – a gas released after applying nitrogen fertilizers – is an urgent need, as this greenhouse gas has 300 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide”, he warns.
Global warming and food production
The historic Paris Agreement – an international treaty to curb the effects of climate change – set the safety limit at 2 degrees Celsius. By 2024, however, the global average temperature had already reached about 1.6 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and it is expected to keep rising through the end of the century
This phenomenon threatens food production, as heat waves during critical growth periods can cause severe damage. “Plants can suffer significant harm, and yields can be completely lost,” says Martinez. “For example, during the pollination stage, crops may experience total failure in grain and seed production.”
Habermann adds that high temperatures also impact animal husbandry. “In livestock farming, excessive heat affects the thermal comfort of animals, reducing feed consumption and productivity. It also reduces the nutritional quality of the pasture, which compromises the digestibility of the plant material and the animals’ ability to obtain energy.”
Biological nitrogen fixation
The results open up new possibilities, both in the area of research and in Brazilian food production. Habermann believes that researchers should now investigate whether the same occurs with other forage grass species such as Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (palisade grass), widely used in Brazil.
“Considering the vast agricultural areas dedicated to the cultivation of pastures and agricultural crops in Brazil, such as sugarcane, corn, and sorghum, for example, a major economic impact is expected from the partial replacement of nitrogen fertilizers with biological nitrogen fixation by plant growth-promoting bacteria,” concludes Martinez.
The research was funded by the São Paulo State Research Foundation (Fapesp), within the Fapesp Research Program on Global Climate Change, and researchers from several national and international institutions participated, including researcher Mariangela Hungria, from Embrapa Soja, recently nominated for the World Food Prize.
The article Inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria mitigates the negative impacts of 2 °C warming on the photosynthesis, growth, and nutritional value of a tropical C4 grassland under field conditions is available here.
More information: email carlosamh@ffclrp.usp.br with professor Carlos Alberto Martinez y Huaman
*Intern supervised by Rita Stella
**Intern supervised by Moisés Dorado
English version: Nexus Traduções, edited by Denis Pacheco
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